Sequential Combination of Unfavorable Histology, Followed by Clinical Stage M, Defines High-Risk Neuroblastoma: A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group

Hazard FK, Toland AMS, Tan SY, Chiu B, Ikegaki N, Naranjo A, Cohn SL, London WB, Gastier-Foster JM, Ramirez NC, Reshmi SC, Wagner E, Nuchtern J, Asgharzadeh S, Marachelian A, Maris JM, Bagatell R, Park JR, Irwin MS, Hogarty MD, Shimada H. Sequential Combination of Unfavorable Histology, Followed by Clinical Stage M, Defines High-Risk Neuroblastoma: A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Clin Cancer Res. 2026 Jan 6;32(1):127-134. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-24-4369. PMID: 41143597; PMCID: PMC12596000.

Historically, neuroblastoma risk stratification has been performed with clinical stage as the starting point and successively adding other prognostic factors thereafter. This study takes an alternative approach to define neuroblastoma patient risk groups by starting with the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (INPC).